Sobibor Roll of Remembrance

An attempt is made with this Roll of Remembrance to remember the victims, inmates and survivors of Sobibor - not as an impersonal statistic of the around 250,000 who went through this hell - but in a small way to personalize the names or their experiences.

This Roll has been compiled with snippets from various publications and sources. Where more details were known a description of about than 200 words is adhered to in order to keep the list concise.

However, we are painfully aware that there are many more names and details known by family members friends, whose loved ones have perished in this death camp and this Sobibor Roll of Remembrance is intended to include as many as possible in future updates.
Therefore, if you can submit more names or details, please contact us.

We have relied on the information according to sources as credited at the end of this document. We therefore cannot be held responsible for any inaccurate or what may be perceived as blasphemous information about some entries. Any entries will be edited if proven inaccurate in future updates.


Some of the Sobibor resistance fighters. Among them Leon Feldhendler (standing on the right), Yehuda Lerner (sitting on the right), Esther Raab (sitting, 2nd from right) and Zelda Metz (sitting, 3rd from left).

Central Database of Shoah Victims’ Names:
The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names (Yad Vashem)

Camp Inmates, Victims and Survivors

The list is in alphabetical order. It is not always clear whether the first or last name of a person is quoted in accounts. A name appearing in bright green colour denotes being listed as a survivor by various sources.

ADLER, Sophie Born on 31 December 1882 in Ahrweiler (Germany). Before the war she lived in Kassel. In 1938 she emigrated to Amsterdam. In 1943 she was deported from Holland to Sobibor. Source: "Namen und Schicksale der Juden Kassels. Ein Gedenkbuch". Kassel, 1986.

ALSTER, Shlomo Escaped in the revolt and survived. Born on 1 December 1908 in Chelm. In November 1942 he was brought from Chelm to Sobibor where he worked mainly as a carpenter building barracks. He was part of the Bahnhofskommando several times. He witnessed Gomerski to be the most cruel German. Emigrated to Israel in 1946 where he lives in Rechovot. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

BACHARACH, Friederike Born on 24 April 1880 in Fritzlar (Germany). She lived in Kassel from where she was deported to Sobibor on 1 June 1942. Source: "Namen und Schicksale der Juden Kassels. Ein Gedenkbuch". Kassel, 1986.

BACHARACH nee Lazarus, Klara Born on 8 December 1893 in Appenheim (Germany). Saleswoman in Kassel from where she was deported to Sobibor on 1 June 1942. Source: "Namen und Schicksale der Juden Kassels. Ein Gedenkbuch". Kassel, 1986.

BACHARACH nee Schwarzenberg, Lina Born on 4 December 1872 in Heilbronn (Germany). Until 1938 she lived in Kassel from where she emigrated to Holland. In 1943 she was deported to Sobibor from Westerbork camp. Source: "Namen und Schicksale der Juden Kassels. Ein Gedenkbuch". Kassel, 1986.

BAHIR, Moshe (original name Szklarek. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998. Born on 19 July 1927 in Plock. Deported from Komarov and Zamosc to Sobibor on 14 May 1942. For three months he worked in the Bahnhofskommando, in the food storage and as hair cutter. He survived the Holocaust and emigrated to Israel.

BAJRACH, Abram He was born in Kalisz. Deported from a ghetto in the Lublin district, together with his brother Maks. He was the youngest Kapo in the camp: 16-17 years old, but never beat any people. Therefore Kapo "Guwerner" vexed him. He was beaten very often by SS men. One summer night in 1943 Gustav Wagner started to beat him in the barrack. Bajrach, thinking that it was "Guwerner", started to defence himself. Wagner brought him to Camp III and shot him at the gate. Source: Eda Lichtman memoirs - Yad Vashem Archives, 03/1291

BAJRACH, Max Also called "Fips". The younger brother of Abram. In the camp he worked in the stable. He did not survive the uprising. Source: Eda Lichtman memoirs - Yad Vashem Archives, 03/1291

BARDACH, Antonius Survived the Holocaust. Born on 16 May 1909 in Lemberg (then Poland, now L'viv, Ukraine). Came with the 53th French convoy to Sobibor, that had left Drancy with 1,000 persons on 25 March 1943. Survived together with his fellow on the same transport Duniec. Emigrated to Belgium. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

BIALOWICZ, Philip (Fiszel) Born in Izbica, deported from there. Survived the Holocaust. Born 25 November 1929 in Izbica. Thirteen years old, he was transported in January 1943 on a lorry from his native town to Sobibor. Selected for forced labour together with 45 others. Worked in the sorting barracks and the grocery shop, where he had to search for money als jewelry, hidden in loafs of bread and other subjects. Also worked for a short time as women’s hair cutter before they went into the gas chambers. Only once a member of the Bahnhofskommando. Emigrated to the USA. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

BIALOWICZ, Symcha Deported from Izbica. Escaped from the Waldkommando on 20 July 1943. Born on 6 December 1912. Was deported from Izbica to Sobibor on 28 April 1943, three months after his brother Philip. Emigrated to Israel. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

BIRNBAUM, Rachel She was born in Wlodawa, survived the transport to Sobibor and hid in the forests. Source: USHMM

BISKUBICZ, Jakub / Jacub Born in Hrubieszow on 17 March 1926. Deported to Sobibor in May 1942. Member of the Bahnhofskommando for 8 months. He escaped together with a prisoner called David during the uprising via Lager IV, where there were no guards left at that time. They met SS-Scharführer Bauer, who sat in a lorry filled with bottles. Bauer shot David, and Jakub ran to Camp IV where he hid. At night he cut the barbed wire with a knife and escaped to the forest. After weeks in the forest he joined a partisan group. He survived the Holocaust. Source: E.A. Cohen, “De negentien treinen naar Sobibor”, Elsevier ed., Amsterdam 1979. Was on a transport together with his family and 2,000 others from his native village. Worked at first at the burning of useless clothing and papers, later as a carpenter, and got the order from Wagner to spread the ashes of burned victims over the camp’s vegetables garden. Emigrated to Israel in 1949. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

BLATT, Leon No details available.

BLATT, Thomas "Toivi" Survived the Holocaust. He is a main source of information. Born 15 April 1927 in Izbica. Came to Sobibor on 23 April 1943 via Trawniki, together with approx. 300 people on a lorry. He was one of the 40 selected for forced labour. Frenzel: “Du Kleiner, komm mal raus.” (“You little one, come here.”) He had to polish Frenzel’s shoes. Later was given several different tasks. Emigrated to the USA. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

BLAU, Karl After the Sobibor uprising he was transferred with a group of other Jewish prisoners from Treblinka (where he was Oberkapo) to Sobibor. There he worked together with his wife in the kitchen. Shortly before the execution of these last prisoners from Treblinka, Blau went to Franz Suchomel and asked him if it was true that all prisoners should be killed. Suchomel said yes. That same day Blau, his wife and a couple of Jewish doctors from Treblinka comitted suicide in a barrack. Suchomel told (during the Sobibor trial) that only their bodies were still dressed when they were burned in Camp III. - Statement of Franz Suchomel, ZStL, 208 AR-Z 251/1958, The Sobibor Trial -

BLITS, Eddy The husband of Mirjam Penha-Blits. Deported with his wife to Sobibor on 13 March 1943 from Westerbork. He was selected on the ramp in Sobibor however his wife didin't see it. From Sobibor he was sent to a work camp in the surroundings. From there he sent a last message to his sister in Holland. He did not survive. Source: J. Schelvis: Vernichtungslager Sobibór. Metropol-Berlin 1998.

BLOCH nee Wertheimer, Erika Melanie Born on 31 July 1873 in Regensburg (Germany). Before the war she emigrated to Holland. On 13 March 1943 she was deported to Sobibor from Westerbork camp.

BÖHM, Ernst Born on 12 December 1893 in Krnov / Czech Republic (former Jägerndorf / Sudetenland). Member of the Judenrat in Piaski. Deported to Sobibor in November 1942.

BORENSTEIN, Moshe Survived the Holocaust.

BORZYKOWSKI, David Born on 13 February 1892 in Janow, Poland, moved to Amsterdam after WW1, upholsterer. Father-in-law of survivor Jules Schelvis. Deported to Westerbork on 26 May 1943, to Sobibor on 1 June 1943. Killed on arrival on 4 June 1943.

BORZYKOWSKI nee Stroz, Gretha (Gitla) Born on 18 April 1895 in Czestochowa, Poland, married to David Borzykowski. Mother-in-law of survivor Jules Schelvis. Deported to Westerbork on 26 May 1943, to Sobibor on 1 June1943. Killed on arrival on 4 June 1943.

BORZYKOWSKI, Herman Born on 30 October 1927 in Amsterdam. Son of David and Gretha. Brother-in-law of survivor Jules Schelvis. Deported to Westerbork on 26 May 1943, to Sobibor on 1 June 1943. Killed on arrival on 4 June 1943. Source: Jules Schelvis, Binnen de poorten, De Bataafsche Leeuw, Amsterdam, 7th edition 2003; In Memoriam Book NIOD Amsterdam.

BRAND, Berek Perished at Sobibor, according to witness Eda Lichtman.

BRAND, Hanka Sister of Eda Lichtman`s husband. She was deported from Wieliczka together with her parents, Susel and Leon Weissberg in early 1943.

BRESLER, Szulim A dentist.

BRINKER, Motel No details available.

VAN BRUCK family A mother with son and two daughters. They were deported from Holland and the whole family was selected for work in the camp. Mother van Bruck worked in the taylor workshop, her daughters segregated the clothes of the murdered people. The son transported the suitcases on the narrow gauge railway into the camp. One day the son was brought to Camp III and never returned. He probably had to work there as member of the Sonderkommando. Nobody of the prisoners informed his mother and after several hours she realized herself what has happend to her son. The whole family was killed in Sobibor. Source: Eda Lichtman memoirs - Yad Vashem Archives, 03/1291

?, Bunio Approximately 26 years old Kapo.

COHEN, Alex He was deported from Westerbork on 17 March 1943 to Sobibor where he was selected on the ramp. In his testimony is an information that an SS man asked for medical doctors and nurses during the selection. 35 - 40 men of the group (mostly doctors and nurses) were sent from Sobibor to Lublin. He survived the war. Source: J. Schelvis: Vernichtungslager Sobibór. Metropol-Berlin 1998.

CUKERMAN, Josef / Hersz / Herschel A cook who lived in Kurow when the war broke out. Deported to Opole. Via Naleczow to Sobibor. Selected along with his son Joseph to work as cooks in the kitchen. Brutally whipped by Frenzel on 25 September 1943 in front of the kitchen, for not serving the food quick enough. Member of the battle team which was in charge of cutting the barbed wire fence near the camp commander's house. He and his son fled the camp during the revolt. His son joined the partisans, he hid in the forest. Both survived the Holocaust and moved to the USA. Born on 15 April 1893. A gardener by profession before he was deported to Sobibor. Because of his excellent memory he could identify most of the SS men from their photos. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

CYBULSKI, Boris 35 years old, from Donbas. (CYBULSKI, according to E.A. Cohen, “De negentien treinen naar Sobibor”, Elsevier ed., Amsterdam 1979) See also under Tsibulsky. It's perhaps the same person.

CZEPIK, ? Kapo who was in charge of the "Putzer". He was part of the planning committee for the revolt but didn't survive it.

DALBERG nee Nussbaum, Bella Born on 28 January 1883 in Hersfeld (Germany). Until 1933 she lived in Kassel from where she emigrated with her husband Julius to Amsterdam. On 23 July 1943 she was deported from Westerbork camp to Sobibor, together with her husband. Source: "Namen und Schicksale der Juden Kassels. Ein Gedenkbuch". Kassel, 1986.

DALBERG, Julius Born on 21 May 1882 in Essentho (Germany). He was member of the Jewish Community's Council in Kassel until 1933 and redactor of the "Jüdische Wochenzeitung für Kassel, Hessen und Waldeck" in which he published many articles about the Jewish history of Kassel and surroundings. In September 1933 he was arrested and spent two weeks in the KZ Breitenau near Guxhagen. After release he emigrated together with his wife Bella to Amsterdam where he ran a Judaica shop until 1940. On 23 July 1943 he was deported together with his wife from Westerbork camp to Sobibor. Source: "Namen und Schicksale der Juden Kassels. Ein Gedenkbuch". Kassel, 1986.

van DAM, Max A Dutch painter. He had to paint pictures of SS men and their families. Former winner of the Prix de Rome. Was brought to Sobibor from France on convoy 53. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998. Born on 19 March 1910 in Winterswijk, NL. Killed on 20 September 1943. Source: In Memoriam book NIOD Amsterdam.

DANNEBERG, Emmy Born on 15 November 1877 in Aurich (Germany). Until 1942 she lived in Kassel from where she was deported on 1 June 1942 to Sobibor, together with her doughter Ruth. Source: "Namen und Schicksale der Juden Kassels. Ein Gedenkbuch". Kassel, 1986.

DANNEBERG, Ruth Born on 3 March 1910 in Kassel. She was the daughter of Emmy Danneberg. On 1 June 1942 she was deported together with her mother from Kassel to Sobibor. Source: "Namen und Schicksale der Juden Kassels. Ein Gedenkbuch". Kassel, 1986.

DEEN, Helga Born on 6 April 1925 in Szczecin (Stettin). Daughter of Käthe and Willy Deen. She was deported together with her family from Westerbork camp to Sobibor on 16 July 1943.

DEEN nee Wolff, Käthe Born on 20 May 1894 in Nürnberg from where she emigrated to Holland before the war. Wife of Willy Deen. She was deported together with her family from Westerbork camp to Sobibor on 16 July 1943.

DEEN, Klaus Gottfried A. Born on 22 June 1928 in Szczecin (Stettin). Son of Käthe and Willy Deen. He was deported together with his family from Westerbork camp to Sobibor on 16 July 1943.

DEEN, Willy Born on 3 March 1891 in Tilburg. Husband of Käthe Deen, née Wolff. He was deported together with his family from Westerbork camp to Sobibor on 16 July 1943.

DRESDEN nee Polak, Anna Born on 24 November 1906. Dutch gold medalist of the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam. Together with her six-year old daughter Eva she was killed in Sobibor on 23 July 1943. Her husband, Barend, was killed in Auschwitz in 1944. Source: USHMM and In Memoriam Book NIOD Amsterdam

DRESZER, Leibel A "Putzer" in the camp. 13 years old on 14 October 1943, the day the uprising took place. He decided to take Niemann’s horse to the stable after the SS Ustuf had entered the taylor’s barrack (where his killing meant the beginning of the uprising) because a horse left outside might have caused suspicion. Dreszer was killed later that day. Source: E.A. Cohen, “De negentien treinen naar Sobibor”, Elsevier ed., Amsterdam 1979.

DRUCKER, Aron Born on 11 May 1876. Deported on 27 April 1942 with his wife Rosa from Vienna to Wlodawa and from there to Sobibor.

DRUCKER, Rosa Born on 1 January 1886. Deported on 27 April 1942 with her husband Aron from Vienna to Wlodawa and from there to Sobibor.

DUNIEC / DUNIETZ, Josef / Joseph Born in Kiev in 1912. He left Rivne (Rowno) to study chemistry at the university of Caen (France). On 13 February 1943 he was arrested and sent to Drancy for a month. Then deported to Sobibor in transport no. 53. Arrival at Sobibor on 29 / 30 March 1943. Foreman in the sorting area. After the revolt he lived in the forest. He survived the Holocaust but died of a heart attack one day before he left for Germany, to testify at the Sobibor trial in Hagen. Born 21 December 1912. Died 1 December 1963 in Haifa. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

EHRENFREUND, Leo Born in Przemysl (Poland) on 2 March 1895. Together with his wife Martha he emigrated from Germany to Holland. Both were deported to Sobibor in 1943. Source and photo: GFH

EHRENFREUND nee Rosenstern, Martha Born in Nardenburg (Germany) on 24 November 1893. Together with her husband Leo she emigrated from Germany to Holland. Both were deported to Sobibor on 21 1943. Source: GFH

ELBERT, Alice and Hugo Deported from Slovakia to Sobibor in 1942. There they perished.

ELIAS nee Weinstein, Bella Born on 19 June 1881 in Eisenach. She lived in Kassel from where she was deported to Sobibor on 1 June 1942. Source: "Namen und Schicksale der Juden Kassels. Ein Gedenkbuch". Kassel, 1986.

ELIAS nee Pohly, Julie Born on 15 September 1880 in Göttingen. She lived in Kassel from where she was deported to Sobibor on 1 June 1942. Source: "Namen und Schicksale der Juden Kassels. Ein Gedenkbuch". Kassel, 1986.

ELTBOGEN, Philipp, Gertrude and Blanka Born on 20 November 1891, Gertrude on 14 September 1925, Blanka on 10 October 1891. Deported on 15 February 1941 together with Katherina from Vienna to Opole Lubelskie. From there to Sobibor in May 1942.

ELTBOGEN, Katherina Born on 10 May 1922. Daughter of Blanka and Philipp. Deported on 15 February 1941 together with her parents and sister from Vienna to Opole Lubelskie. From there to Sobibor in May 1942.

ENGEL, Chaim Born in 1916 in Brudzew, Poland. 1921 the family moved to Lodz. Later he worked in his uncle's textile factory. In 1939, during the German attack on Poland, he was taken as a POW because he served in the Polish army. Sent to Germany for forced labour until March 1940. Back in Poland he was deported to Sobibor in the summer of 1942. He relates: "In October 1943 a small group of prisoners revolted. I stabbed our overseer to death. With each jab I cried, "This is for my father, for my mother, for all the Jews you killed." The knife slipped, cutting me, covering me with blood. Chaos took over; many prisoners ran out the main gate. Some stepped on mines. Some gave up and didn't run at all. I grabbed my girlfriend and we ran into the woods." There he hid together with his girlfriend, Selma. After the war they married and immigrated in the USA in 1957. See his sketch of the camp on the "map page". Chaim Engel died on 4 July 2003 in New Haven, USA. Source: USHMM. Born on 10 January 1916. After the escape from Sobibor he was liberated by the Red Army near Chelm: 23 June 1944. Travelled with Selma Wijnberg via Odessa and Marseille to the Netherlands and emigrated via Israel to the USA. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

ENGEL, Selma Selma Engel, née Wijnberg, was born 1922 in Groningen, Netherlands. In 1943 she was caught by the Germans and deported to Sobibor. She was selected for work in the camp and was able to survive. After the war she went to the USA, together with her husband. Source: USHMM Original forename: Saartje. Born 15 May 1922 in Groningen, Holland. The train that took her and 2,019 others to Sobibor, left Westerbork on 9 April 1943. Worked mainly at the sorting barracks, sometimes Waldkommando. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

FAJGENBAUM, Jakub Survived the Holocaust.

FELDMANN, Else Born in 1884 in Vienna. Since 1912 she was a journalist. Founder member of "Vereinigung sozialkritischer Schriftsteller" (illegal since 1934). Her works were banned by the Nazis in 1938. On 14th June 1942 deported to Sobibor, where she perished.

FELDMAN, Regina (Rywka) Survived the Holocaust. Born on 2 September 1924 in Siedliszcze. Came to Sobibor on 22 December 1942, from labour camp Staw (like Ester Raab-Terner). Worked in the ironing rooms, the laudery and the sewing shop. Also cleaned ammunition. After the uprising she ended up in Frankfurt/Main where she worked as a nannie, under the name of Wojciszyn. Married to Zielinski on 24 December 1945, still using her cover name, in Wetzlar. Emigrated to Australia on 3 August 1949. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

FELHENDLER, Leon Former head of the Judenrat in Zolkiewka. One of the chief planners of the revolt. He was killed after the war by the Polish anti-communistic underground in Lublin. He wrote a comprehensive report after the liberation. The part about Sobibor was published in 1946 in Polish. Unpublished part about Izbica. Born in 1910, died at the end of 1944 in Lublin. Came to Sobibor early 1943. Worked at the grocery shop and the Bahnhofskommando. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

FELLENBAUM-WEISS, Hella Survived the Holocaust.

FIBS, Abram 17 years old Kapo. Killed by Wagner.

FISZER, Eda See Eda Lichtman. Survived the Holocaust.

FLAJSZHAKIER (Fleischhacker), Shaul Born in Kalisz and deported from a ghetto in the Lublin district. Chief of the shoemaker workshop in the camp. He refused to beat other prisoners and was therefore beaten by Wagner. When the transports from Vienna arrived he tried to inform the Austrian Jews that they were brought to a death camp. They did not believe him and said he is crazy. Flajszhakier wrote a song for Wagner which the Jews had to sing. He did not survive the uprising. Source: Eda Lichtman memoirs - Yad Vashem Archives, 03/1291

FLEISCHER, Leibl Perished at Sobibor, according to witness Eda Lichtman.

FREIBERG, Dov / Berl / Berek He lived in Lodz when the war broke out. Moved to Warsaw. In January 1941 he moved to Turbin near Lublin, where he stayed until May 1942. Deported to Zolkiewka, then to Sobibor, where he arrived on 15 May 1942. He witnessed the arrival of transports from Bialystok General District to Treblinka. He recalled: "There were transports, like those from the eastern areas, which were very strongly guarded by SS men and Ukrainians. In these trains there was no one car left undamaged. Each freight car looked like a battlefield and inside were more dead and wounded than living peo­ple. Some of the people were nude and white from the chlorine powder... These people resisted, they refused to undress, they attacked the Germans with their fists... Many were shot and many went to the gas chambers dressed. We worked late in the night to clean the area from the dead and wounded..." (Arad, p134) He survived the revolt. You can find Freiberg's extensive testimony at Eichmann's trial at www.nizkor.org/ Born 15 May 1927 in Warsaw. Bluma Wasser wrote about his life in Sobibor on 25 July 1945, in Lodz, but this story was never authorized and later Freiberg detached himself from the story on several issues. Emigrated to Israel. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

FREIBERMAN, Szama Was able to escape. No more details available.

FRIED, Moritz Born on 9 September 1908 in Butzbach /Germany. Member of the Judenrat in Piaski. Deported to Sobibor in November 1942.

FRIEDMANN nee Sonnenberg, Liebe Rachela Born on 9 January 1898 in Lancut (Galizia). Married housewife from Amsterdam. Deported to Sobibor where she perished on 21 May 1943. Source: Yad Vashem

GOBERMAN, Moshe Perished at Sobibor, according to witness Moshe Bahir.

GOKKES, Katty Dutch Jewess, born on 30 September 1925 in the Hague. Deported via Vught and Westerbork to Sobibor. She escaped during the revolt, joined the Grynszpan partisan unit, and was killed by Germans shortly before the liberation.

GOLDFARB, Mordechai (Moshe) Deported from Piaski. Survived the Holocaust. Wrote a report after the war. Born 15 March 1920 in Piaski near Lublin, died 8 June 1984 in Haifa. Came together with Kurt Thomas on 6 November 1942 to Sobibor. Painter, made the leaflets on the suitcases of SS men who went on holiday. Went into hiding with partisans after the uprising, together with Lerner. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

GOLDSTEIN, Betty Born on 29 November 1901 in Nürnberg (Germany). On 4 April 1942 she was deported from Munich to the Piaski transit ghetto (Lublin district). Several months later she was deported to Sobibor. Source: JewishGen

GOLDSTEIN, Schlomo Perished at Sobibor, according to witness Joseph Zukerman.

GOLDSTERN, Eugenie (Jenny) Born on 1 March 1884 in Odessa. Ethnologist. Deported on 14 June 1942 from Vienna to Sobibor.

GRINBERG, Estera Deported from Lubartow. In the camp she had to select the victims' underwear. She feared the planned uprising and cried the whole day, preferring to follow her killed mother. Her fate is not known but she probably did not survive the uprising. Source: Eda Lichtman memoirs - Yad Vashem Archives, 03/1291

GRINER, Chaim From Izbica.

?, Grisha Soviet POW who decided to escape on 9 October 1943, after being given 25 lashes for chopping wood in a sitting position. The escape attempt was foiled by Pechersky's men. They stood close to the fence by the latrine, and forcibly stopped the escape.

GUTTSMANN, Walter Born on 8 May 1880 in Berlin. Member of the Judenrat in Piaski. Deported to Sobibor in November 1942.

"GUWERNER", Mojsze He was deported from Hrubieszow to Sobibor. A camp Kapo. He was cruel towards the prisoners but at least he also joined the resistance group. Denounced by Kapo "Berliner" and executed together with Kapo Bunie Rajowicz. Source: Eda Lichtman memoirs - Yad Vashem Archives, 03/1291

HAMBURGER nee Schlachter, Berta Born on 29 October 1873 in Braunsbach (Württemberg / Germany). Before the war she emigrated to Holland together with the family with which she has lived in Nürnberg. Deported from Westerbork camp to Sobibor on 23 July 1943. Source: JewishGen

HAMBURGER, Samuel Born on 26 February 1869 in Colberg (Bayern / Germany). Husband of Berta Hamburger. On 14 May 1943 he was deported to Sobibor from Westerbork camp. Source: JewishGen

HAMME, Marcus - Max Born on 24 December 1901 in Den Haag (Holland). Deported from Amsterdam to Sobibor where he perished on 16 July 1943. Source: Yad Vashem

?, Hana A German Jewess from Berlin who was the chief of the taylor workshop. During the uprising she hid in the workshop together with other women. There she was killed together with her workers. Source: Eda Lichtman memoirs - Yad Vashem Archives, 03/1291

HANNEL, Salomea Deported from the village of Ustrzyki Dolne along with 300 other Jews. After the escape she reached Krakow and hid with the non-Jewish population. She survived the Holocaust.

HERBERT, Naftaniel 52 years old Head Kapo. Known as "Berliner". Succeeded Moshe Sturm.

HERSZMAN, Josef Survived the Holocaust. Born 1925 in Zolkiewka. Came to Sobibor already in the early days from Chelm. Worked in the sorting barracks, in the Bahnhofskommando and in the Waldkommando. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

HIRSCHMANN, Kurt Born on 26 October 1900 in Vienna. Member of the Judenrat in Piaski. Deported to Sobibor in November 1942.

HOCHMAN, Moshe Deported from Zolkiewka to Krasnystaw by foot. Then by train to Sobibor. He worked in the tailors shop and took part in hiding Niemann's body after he had been killed. He managed to cross the barbed wire with a group of 8 other prisoners, including Leon Feldhendler. He hid in a peasants stable for 7 months in the village of Papierzyn, and survived the Holocaust.

HONIGMAN, Zyndel Escaped from the Waldkommando on 20 July 1943. Born 10 April 1910 in Kiev, died in the 1970s. Lived in Gorzkow near Izbica when the war broke out. Forced labourer. Brought on a lorry to Sobibor in November 1942. Escaped two days later. Returned to Sobibor in April 1943, this time via Trawniki. Worked in the kitchen. Emigrated to the USA. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

?, Horst Married with Bettie Meyer. Both were deported from the Netherlands and killed in Sobibor. Sourcs: USHMM

HUIB-GEZANG, Koenraad Born on 29 January 1942 in Amsterdam (Holland). He was deported to Sobibor on 21 May together with other Jewish children from the Amsterdam orphanage De Creche. Source and photo: GFH

ICKOWICZ, ? Escaped in the revolt.

JAKUBS, Josef From the Netherlands. Perished in Sobibor.

JOURGRAU nee Friedmann, Lea Born in Tarnow, Poland (Galizia), on 5 October 1904. She came to the Netherlands from Palestine probably in 1929. She was caught by the Nazis, although she hid somewhere in Amsterdam. Deported to the Dutch assembly camp Westerbork, and from there deported to Sobibor. There she was murdered on 23 July 1943. Source: Lea's daughter Ruth Lavie-Jourgrau, Israel

KAHN, Edgar Edgar Kahn was born on 12 October 1907 in Merzig, Saarland (Sarre). He fled his country in 1935 with all his family (parents, brothers, sisters, wife and baby girl). He was married to Thea Liselotte Salomon, still alive in 2006. A part of the family first gathered in Alençon (French Normandy) before some fled to the "Free Zone". Some survived the Holocaust, but most of them perished in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Edgar Kahn was arrested in Lavelanet (French Pyrenees) some time around 20 February 1943, triggered by the killing of two Luftwaffe officers in Paris on 13 February 1943. He was imprisoned in the transit camp Gurs. On 26 February 1943 (the day when his daughter was born in Lavelanet, hidden in the attic of the local convent by sisters who protected his wife and her daughters until the end of the war) he was brought to the Drancy transit camp, from where he was finally deported to Sobibor in Convoy no. 50 on 4 March 1943. Source: Grandson of Edgar Kahn

KATZ, Serka A girl from Dubienka, deported to Sobibor together with Eda Lichtman and Bajla Sobol in June 1942. They were selected from the big transport from Hrubieszow county. Serka Katz had to clean the houses of the SS men from where she often smuggled food into the camp. She escaped from the camp during the uprising but her further fate is not known. Source: Eda Lichtman memoirs - Yad Vashem Archives, 03/1291

KEMPNER, Friedrich-Wilhelm Born on 29 August 1914 in Berlin. Member of the Judenrat in Piaski. Deported to Sobibor in November 1942.

KISIELNICKA, Feiga Born in Kaluszyn. During the war she was in Kaluszyn from where, together with whole family she was deported to Treblinka in the late of 1942.

KLEEREKOPER, Gerrit Born on 15 February 1897. He was one of two gymnastics coaches for the Netherlands' women's team at the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics, the first time women's gymnastics was included in the Olympic program. A popular coach, Kleepekoper helped lead the Dutch team to the gold medal as they scored 316.75 total points. Killed in Sobibor on 2 July 1943, together with his wife Kaatje, and their 14-year old daughter Elisabeth. His son, Leendert, was killed in Auschwitz the following year. Kleerekoper was killed together with Lea Kloot-Nordheim, one of his gymnasts. Source: "Jewish Sports Legends: The International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame", by Joseph Seigman (Washington, D.C.: Brassey's, 2000)

KLOOT nee Nordheim, Helena Born on 1 August 1903. Dutch gold medalist of the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam. Together with her husband and her ten-year old daughter Rebecca she was killed in Sobibor on 2 July 1943. Source: USHMM and In Memoriam Book NIOD Amsterdam

KLOSTMAN, Freddy From Krakow, according to witness Blatt.

KOHN, Abraham Survived the Holocaust. Born on 25 July 1910 in Lodz/Piontek, died 19 January 1986 in Melbourne Australia. Was transported to Sobibor in May 1942 from Wisocka, together with several hundreds of Jews. Worked in the sorting barracks in the kitchen and in the Waldkommando. Told the representative of a German court in 1977 that 19 Germans / Hiwis had been killed during the Sobibor unrising. He refused however to testify in the 1983 trial against Frenzel because he had not received any Wiedergutmachung (financial compensation). Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

KOPF, Josef He came from Zamosc. Escaped from the Waldkommando on 20 July 1943. Murdered by Poles in August 1944. Born in Bilgora. Came as one of the first prosoners to Sobibor. He and Szlomo Podchlebnik killed a guard on 27 July 1943 as the forced labourers of the Waldkommando came through the village of Zlobek to get themselves water. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

KORENFELD, Chaim Born 15 May 1923 in Izbica. Was deported together with Thomas Blatt from his native town to Sobibor on 28 April 1943. Worked at the Waldkommando for a long time. He stated that on 27 July 1943, when five forced labourers escaped from the Waldkommando, not he but his uncle Abraham Wang was on duty. Honigmann and Wang himself state they escaped together with Kornfeld. Emigrated in 1949 to Italy and from there to Brazil. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

KUGELMANN, Siegfried Born on 17 July 1884 in Witzenhausen near Kassel /Germany. Member of the Judenrat in Piaski. Deported to Sobibor in November 1942.

LEITMAN, Szlomo Polish Jew from Warsaw. A Carpenter who had been taken from the Minsk Ghetto to the SS labour camp at Sheroka Street in Minsk. A close friend of Pechersky who was brought to Sobibor in the same transport. It was Leitman who came up with the idea of building a tunnel from the carpenters shop. The digging started in early October 1943. Because of heavy rain on 8 and 9 October the tunnel was flooded, and the idea of escaping through a tunnel was abandoned. He killed Unterscharführer Friedrich Gaulstich in the carpenter’s barrack on the day of the uprising, on 14 October 1943. Wounded during the revolt, managed to escape to the woods before his strength ran out. Source: E.A. Cohen, “De negentien treinen naar Sobibor”, Elsevier ed., Amsterdam 1979.

LEJST, Chaim Born in Zolkiewka. Sent to the Belzec labour camp, living together with the imprisoned gypsies. Following an order to leave Suche-Lipie in May 1942, he escaped and made his way to Izbica from which he was deported to Sobibor. Ordered by Wagner to grow vegetables and flowers. During the revolt he acted as a liaison agent between Camps I and II, as his job as a gardener enabled freedom of movement. He survived the Holocaust.

LERER, Samuel Survived the Holocaust. Born on 1 October 1922 in Zolkiewka. Came to Sobibor in May 1942. Took care of the SS men’s horses, and of chicken and ducks. Lived in Berlin after the war, where thanks to him SS man Bauer was arrested. Later emigrated to the USA. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

LERNER, Yehuda Born in Warsaw, in a family of six. Taken from the Umschlagplatz to a camp in Smolensk, building an airfield. He escaped from this camp but was arrested and taken to the Minsk Ghetto where he was imprisoned at the Sheroka Street labour camp. Then deported via Chelm to Sobibor. He killed, together with Arkady Vajspapir, SS-Oberscharführer Graetschus. He escaped from Sobibor and joined the "Yehiel" Jewish partisan brigade. He survived the Holocaust and made a film ("Sobibor, 14 octobre 1943, 16 heures") with Claude Lanzmann which recounts the part he played in the revolt. Born on 22 July 1926. Emigrated from Germany to Israel in 1949. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

de LEVI, Elka Dutch gold medalist of the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam. She was the only Jewess of the gold medal team who survived the Holocaust. Source: USHMM

LIBSER, Hinda The wife of Idel Libser. She escaped during the uprising but her fate is not known.

LIBSER, Idel The husband of Hinda Libser. He escaped during the uprising but his fate is not known.

LICHT, Aron Escaped from the Waldkommando on 20 July 1943.

LICHTMAN, Berek Perished at Sobibor, according to witness Eda Lichtman.

LICHTMAN, Eda Deported from Mielec (her husband was killed in Mielec) via Dubienka and Hrubieszow to Sobibor. At Sobibor she worked in the laundry. She survived the Holocaust. Born 1 January 1915 in Jaroslaw as Eda Fischer. She was as a mother to the young girls who had to work in the barracks. Witnessed for the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw, for Yad Vashem and at the Eichmann trial. Emigrated with her later husband Yitzhak to Israel in 1950. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

LICHTMAN, Yitzhak / Itzhak He lived in Zolkiewa, 80 km from Lublin. On 22 May 1942 all Jews had to walk from Zolkiewa to Krasnystaw station where they were loaded into cattle cars bound to Sobibor. At Sobibor he worked in the shoemakers barrack and participated in the killing of SS-Scharführer Vallaster. He survived the revolt and lived in the forest until liberation of the area. Born on 10 December 1908, died 1992 in Israel. After the uprising he joined the Polish army. Emigrated to Israel together with Eda, who became his wife later. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibór”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

LIEBSCHÜTZ, Fanny and Jacob The photo shows Fanny and Jacob together with their son Werner. He survived the Holocaust because his parents could send him to the USA. Fanny and Jacob were deported to Sobibor in 1942.

LITMANOWSKI / LITWINOWSKI, Yefim Member of the battle team that was in charge of cutting the barbed wire fence near the camp commander's house. He survived the Holocaust. Rejoined the Soviet army after the uprising. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

LÖWENSTEIN nee Goldbach, Else Born on 11 August 1893 in Herford, wife of Hugo Löwenstein. She had two children: Emmi and Hans. Together with her husband and her daughter she perished in Sobibor. Source: Angelika Tiemann, Germany.

LÖWENSTEIN, Emmi Renate Born on 7 February 1925 in Herford, daughter of Else and Hugo Löwenstein. Together with her mother and father she perished in Sobibor. Source: Angelika Tiemann, Germany.

LÖWENSTEIN, Hans Born on 12 September 1920 in Herford. Together with his mother Else, his father Hugo and his sister Emmi Renate he emigrated to the Netherlands in 1934. In December 1939 his parents could send the 14 years old boy to the USA, where he survived the Holocaust. He was spared dying in a gas chamber at Sobibor. Source: Angelika Tiemann, Germany.

LÖWENSTEIN, Hugo Born on 4 September 1894 in Enger/Westfalia (Germany), married with Else Löwenstein. In 1934 he and his family emigrated to the Netherlands where they were arrested by the Nazis and finally deported to Sobibor. Together with his wife Else and his daughter Emmi he perished in Sobibor. Source: Angelika Tiemann, Germany.

?, Luka An 18 years old Jewess from the Netherlands, girlfriend of Sasha Pechersky. She looked after the rabbits. At the last minutes of the revolt dressed in men's clothes, on Pechersky's advice. She didn't survive the revolt.

LUTOMIRSKI, Isidor Born on 18 June 1892 in Amsterdam. Deported to Sobibor where he perished on 9 April 1943. Source: In Memoriam Book NIOD Amsterdam

MACHLES, Szmul Escaped, but no more details available.

MALCHOV, Nikolai Member of the Waldkommando on the day of the uprising, 14 October 1943. He returned with his Kommando to the camp at the very beginning of the uprising. He killed guards and forced his way into the camp’s arsenal. By his firing at the watchtowers many prisoners could escape through the gate.

MARGULIES, Abraham Born on 25 December 1921 in Zyrardow. When the war broke out he lived in Warsaw. Brought to Zamosc by his mother. There he and his brother were arrested and deported to the labour camp in Janowice. In Sobibor he worked on the Bahnhofskommando, cleaning carriages, and the kitchen. He escaped together with Hela Weiss during the revolt. He survived the Holocaust. Source: E.A. Cohen, “De negentien treinen naar Sobibor”, Elsevier ed., Amsterdam 1979. Schelvis states his date of birth on 25 January 1921. Died in Israel in 1984. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

MARUM, Eva-Brigitte Born 17 July 1919 in Karlsruhe, Germany. She was the youngest of three children. Her father was arrested and killed by the Nazis because he was an active anti-Nazi. In April 1934 she and her mother emigrated to France. In 1941 her sister obtained ship tickets to the USA but she could not get on board because she was nine months pregnant. She gave birth in Marseille. Her son survived the Holocaust and the war because she was forced to give him to a Jewish children home in Limoges. She was caught by the Germans in January 1943 and deported to Sobibor where she perished. Her son was taken to Palestine. Source: USHMM

MATYS, ? Escaped, but no more details available.

MAZURKIEWICZ, Simeon No details available.

MENCHE, Yechaskel Born in Kolo near Lodz. Deported to Izbica in December 1940. Then to Sobibor in 1942, together with 20 relatives, in a convoy of 6,000 people. In Sobibor he was selected as tailor. Together with Lerner he was charged with killing Graetschus and Klatt which they achieved. He escaped through the barbed wire, and over the ditches he reached the forest. He survived the Holocaust. Born 7 January 1910. Died in Melbourne in 1984. He had married Szlomo Podchlebnik’s sister Hella in 1937. After the war he was paid to state to have been imprisoned at KZ Groß-Rosen, because he believed to be the only Sobibor survivor, so that nobody would be able to testify on his behalf. Emigrated to Australia in 1949. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

MENDEL, ? Camp baker.

MERENSZTAJN, Moshe Survived the Holocaust.

METZ, Zelda Born on 1 May 1925 in Siedliszcze-Nowosiolki. Deported to Staw where she and her family worked in a labour camp. From Staw she was deported to Sobibor by cart on 20 December 1942. Selected by Wagner to knit pullovers and socks for the SS. In summer of 1943 she worked on the construction of barracks and bunkers in Camp IV. She escaped during the revolt, hid with peasants and obtained false documents proving that she was Aryan. Until the liberation she lived in Lviv. After the war she wrote a report. Married to Kelbermann.

MEYER, Bettie Married with Horst ?. Both were deported from the Netherlands and killed in Sobibor. Source: USHMM

MINKENOFF, Herman A German-Jewish journalist who emigrated from Germany to Holland in 1938. Deported to Sobibor in 1943 via Westerbork transit camp in Holland. Source: GFH

?, Moniek One of the first prisoners in the camp. He told other prisoners that when he was selected from his transport, there was only one more "Work Jew" in the camp. He painted portraits of SS men and signs. Killed during the uprising. Source: Eda Lichtman memoirs - Yad Vashem Archives, 03/1291

MORGENSZTERN, Rabbi Mendel The last rabbi in Wlodawa Jewish Community, member of the Hassidic dynasty from Kock. Deported in summer 1942 during the socalled "Children's Action" when only children were sent to Sobibor. Rabbi Morgensztern voluntarily went to the train because he has decided to accompany the children.

MUNDEK, ? No details available.

MUSSENFELD, Muniek A Polish jew. He worked in the camp bakery. During the uprising he was killed there together with other bakers. Source: Eda Lichtman memoirs - Yad Vashem Archives, 03/1291

NAFTANIAL, Herbert ("Berliner") German Jew who was employed as a luggage sorter, who betrayed Oberkapo Moshe Sturm to the Nazis, and who was promoted in his place in the summer of 1943. More commonly known as "Berliner", as he came from Berlin. His cruelty and compliance with the Nazis was infamous within the camp. He hounded the prisoners with the words "are you tired? Can I help you in anyway?" Even the Nazis copied his mocking tones. He was secretly attacked by Kapo Pozycki, Bunio, and an unknown Dutch Kapo, and beaten so badly, that he could not get out of bed, in the Kapos' block. Frenzel ordered "Berliner" to be finished off, as "Berliner" had gone over his head to betray the Kapo's escape to Gustav Wagner, and he was poisoned and taken to Camp III.

"NEGER" A prisoner who sang very beautiful. Nobody survivour remembered his name. "Neger" lost his wife and children in Sobibor. He did not want to escape but at least he joined the resistance group and was killed during the uprising. Source: Eda Lichtman memoirs - Yad Vashem Archives, 03/1291

"NISSENBLATT, Monek" 18 years old in the summer of 1943. Source: E.A. Cohen, “De negentien treinen naar Sobibor”, Elsevier ed., Amsterdam 1979

NOL, Abraham Born on 2 November 1919 in Uitgeest (Netherlands). His last known address was Linnaeuskade 14, Amsterdam. Arrested on 18 May 1942 during an attempted escape by a fishing boat to England. After 12 months in prison in Holland, he was sent to Westerbork camp (Netherlands) and from there to Sobibor. He is believed to have arrived at Sobibor on 18 May 1943 and perished there on 21 May 1943. His mother, sister and aunt died in Auschwitz. Source: Joe Nol, September 2003.

NOL, Richard Born on 8 November 1920. Cousin of Abraham Nol. He tried to escape from Holland over the Channel, together with Abraham Nol. The attempt was not successful. They were captured on the water and arrested on 18 May 1942 by the Germans. Like Abraham Nol, he was imprisoned in Holland, and eventually sent to Westerbork and then on to Poland, but there is uncertainty about whether he went at the same time as Abraham, or later in November 1943, and whether he came to Sobibor or another camp. Source: Joe Nol, September 2003. According to In Memoriam Book NIOD Amsterdam (Mozes) Richard Nol perished in Sobibor on 21 May 1943.

NORDEN nee Haendel, Käthe Liselotte Born on 16 January 1919 in Wollin (Germany). Daughter of Georg Haendel and Rosy, neé Schlesinger. Wife of Karel Norden. Deported from Amsterdam to Sobibor, where she perished on 9 July 1943. Source: Yad Vashem

NUNES-VAZ, Jacob Born on 20 September 1906 in Holland. He was resistance operative. Arrested by the Gestapo in 1942, deported to Sobibor via Westerbork transit camp in Holland in March 1943. Source and photo: GFH

PARIJS, Samuel Born on 21 February 1913 in Amsterdam. Son of David Parijs and Rosa, neé Vieyra. Chemist. Deported to Sobibor, where he perished on 4 June 1943. Source: Yad Vashem Both his parents also perished in Sobibor, respectively on 28 May and 28 March 1943. Source: In Memoriam Book NIOD Amsterdam

PECHERSKY, Alexander From Rostov on Don. Leader of the revolt. He survived the Holocaust. Born on 22 February 1909 in Kremenchuk, Russia. Died in January 1990 in Rostov on Don. Lieutenant in the Red Army when he became POW in October 1941. Tried to escape in May 1942 but then his Jewish identity was unveiled. Arrived in Sobibor on 22 September 1943. Was given command of the uprising plan by Leon Felhendler. After the war the Soviets held him for a traitor and imprisoned him for several months. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998

PELC, Josel Escaped from the camp. No more details available.

PENHA-Blitz, Mirjam She was deported in the same transport in which Cato Polak was, on 13 March 1943 from Westerbork. She remembered that during the selection on the ramp in Sobibor she could hear music from loudspeakers. During the selection she lost her husband and a sister. She was deported back to Lublin and survived the war. After the war she gave her statement in Holland. Source: J. Schelvis: Vernichtungslager Sobibor. Metropol-Berlin 1998

PIATNICKI, Nachum ("Niam") One of the leaders in charge of the attack on the armoury. He survived the Holocaust.

PINES, Joseph A friend of Moshe Bahir. Killed during the revolt.

PLOTNIKOW, Chaim He survived the Holocaust.

PODCHLEBNIK, Szlomo Foreman from Kolo. Escaped from the Waldkommando on 20 July 1943. Born on 15 February 1907 in Kolo. Came to Sobibor on 28 April 1943, together with wife, two children and 270 other people from Izbica. Brother-in-law of Chaskiel Menche. Schelvis states his escape was on 27 July. Emigrated to the USA where he lives under the surname of Paull. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998

POLAK, Cato Dutch Jew from Den Haag. Deported to Sobibor on 13 March 1943. She was selected on the ramp in Sobibor together with 32 women and 12 men. After several hours she was deported from Sobibor to Lublin (or to KL Majdanek; or to the "Flugplatz" camp). She observed the selection on the ramp in Sobibor: Old people and invalides were loaded on the wagons of the narrow gauge railway, mothers had to stay with the children. They were taken "to the bath". SS men looked for the young men and women, also for medical doctors. The selected people were sent back with the same train to Lublin, together with the luggage of the people who were deported from Westerbork to Sobibor. Cato Polak survived and gave the statement about her fate after the war in Holland. Source: J. Schelvis: Vernichtungslager Sobibor. Metropol-Berlin 1998

POLISECKI, Mandel Born in 1895 in Kamionka. Chief of the Judenrat in Piaski. Deported together with his wife Rozalia to Sobibor in July 1942.

POLISECKI, Mania Born on 8 November 1919. Waitress in the "Volksküche" in the Piaski ghetto. Deported together with her parents Rozalia and Mandel to Sobibor in July 1942.

POLISECKI, Rozalia Vice-president of the "Help Committee for Refugees and Poor People" in Piaski. Deported together with her husband Mandel to Sobibor in July 1942.

POPPERT, Walter He was a Kapo in Lager II, also in the Waldkommando for two weeks.

POWROZNIK, Chaim Born in Lubomil in 1911 where he lived until the war broke out. Sent to a labour camp in Chelm. Deported by train from Chelm to Sobibor in February / March 1943. In Sobibor he worked as a carpenter in Camp I. He survived the Holocaust.

POZNER, Herman He survived the Holocaust. Born as Herman Gerstenberg on 8 October 1909 in Lubomel. Came to Sobibor from Chelm on 14 March 1943. Worked as a carpenter. To obtain financial compensation he stated after the war that he had been imprisoned, after Sobibor, in Majdanek and Buchenwald. Emigrated to the USA. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998

POZYCKI, Hersz Younger brother of Kapo Pozycki.

POZYCKI, Szymon Approximately 35 years old Kapo. He played a leading part in the revolt, and the elimination of Oberkapo "Berliner". He did not survive the revolt.

POZYCKI, Yankel The father of Kapo Pozycki. He survived the Holocaust.

PRESSER, Leja Born on 30 June 1885 in Ciezkowice (Poland). Hairdresser. Daughter of Leib Presser and Reize, neé Klobenfeld. Before the war she lived in Vienna, then she moved to Amsterdam. Deported from there to Sobibor where she perished on 9 April 1943. Source: Yad Vashem

PRINZ, Eduard Born on 23 June 1874 in Deventer (Holland). Deported to Sobibor where he perished probably on 6 July 1943. Source: Yad Vashem

RAAB, Ester . Wrote a report after the war. Born on 11 June 1922 in Chelm. Came to Sobibor on 22 December 1942 from forced labour camp Staw, together with 800 other people, by lorry. Worked in the ironing room, the sorting barracks and as a cleaning woman at the ramp. Got injured during the revolt but survived nevertheless. Emigrated to the USA. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998

RABINOWICZ, Simon Perished at Sobibor, according to witness Eda Lichtman.

RAILING, Hugo Born on 14 May 1886 in Munich /Germany. Member of the Judenrat in Piaski. Deported to Sobibor in November 1942.

RAJOWICZ, Bunie He was deported from Lvov. A camp Kapo who tried to organize the escape of the prisoners, together with Mojsze "Guwerner". Together with "Guwerner" he was denounced by Kapo "Berliner" and together with "Guwerner" finally executed. Source: Eda Lichtman memoirs - Yad Vashem Archives, 03/1291

RAJS, Ester She perished in Sobibor. Source: USHMM

REISNER-BIALOWITZ, Lea He survived the Holocaust.

ROSENFELD, Siemion He survived the Holocaust. Born in 1922 in the Soviet Union. Came to Sobibor on 22 September 1943, together with the POWs from Minsk. Lived in the USSR after the war, emigrated to Israel during the 1980s. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998

ROTENBERG / ROTTENBERG, Aizyk Born in Wlodawa, 8 km from Sobibor. Deported to Sobibor on 1 May 1943. Selected by Frenzel to live, working on various construction jobs as bricklayer, e.g. construction of the arsenal. After the revolt arrested by members of the Schupo and taken to Adampole from where he escaped and joined the Yehiel partisans. He survived the Holocaust and moved to Israel. Born in 1925. Came to Sobibor together with his brother, who was also in the Arbeitskommando, but did not survive the revolt. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998

ROTTER, Jankiel Nephew of Stanislaw Szmajzner. Deported together with him from Opole Lubelskie and selected to work in the camp. He worked as jeweller. His fate is not known.

RUBINSON, ? Born in Lodz. We know only his family name. In 1942 / 1943 he was in Osowa work camp (near Sobibor), from where he was deported together with other prisoners to Sobibor in autumn 1943. In the work camp he was the friend of inmate Stefan Ostapiuk from Osowa.

SAFRAN, Ilana (Ursula Stern-Buchheim) German Jew from Essen who moved to the Netherlands, together with her parents (who were killed in Auschwitz). Via Amstelveen, Vught, and Westerbork she was deported to Sobibor in April 1943. During the revolt she could escape, together with Katty Gokkes. They escaped to the forest and joined the partisans. She survived the Holocaust and moved to Israel. Born on 28 August 1928 in Essen, died in 1985 in Ashdod, Israel. Worked at the sorting barracks, also at the Waldkommando and in Camp 4, cleaning ammunition. After the uprising, having joined the partisans, she was a member of a civil militia in Lublin. Lived in Holland for some time before her emigration to Israel. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998

SALZ, Saba She was from Lublin. In the camp she had to segregate the underwear of the victims. Her fate is not known. She probably did not survive the uprising. Source: Eda Lichtman memoirs - Yad Vashem Archives, 03/1291

SÄNGER, Fritz Born on 12 September 1891 in Augsburg /Germany. Member of the Judenrat in Piaski. Deported to Sobibor in November 1942.

SCHELVIS, Jules Deported from Westerbork on 1 June 1943, together with his wife Rachel and her family. During the selection on Sobibor's ramp he lost his wife and her family. The same day he was sent to the Trawniki work camp. Together with him 81 young men were selected, being able to work. Afterwards he was sent to Dorohucza forced labour camp (subcamp of Trawniki). Finally he was deported to the Radom ghetto, from where he was sent to Auschwitz. He survived the war and in 1986 he published his memoirs in Dutch language. Source: J. Schelvis: Vernichtungslager Sobibór, Metropol-Berlin 1998. J. Schelvis: Binnen de poorten. De Baafsche Leeuw Amsterdam, 7th ed. 2003. The photo shows Jules and his wife Rachel (nee Borzykowski) on their wedding on 18 December 1941. Photo: GFH

SCHELVIS nee Borzykowski, Rachel Born in Amsterdam on 2 March 1923 from Polish parents. Wife of Jules Schelvis. Deported from Westerbork to Sobibor on 1 June 1943. During the selection on Sobibor's ramp she was sent to the gas chambers, together with her parents, sister and brother, and other women from this transport. Source: J. Schelvis: Vernichtungslager Sobibór. Metropol-Berlin 1998. J. Schelvis: Binnen de poorten. De Baafsche Leeuw Amsterdam, 7th ed. 2003. During his imprisonments in various camps Jules Schelvis has always kept a small mirror on whose backside a photo of his wife was mounted. Unfortunately he lost the mirror when he was finally freed. Today a replica is exhibited at the Westerbork Memorial, created by Mr. Schelvis.

SCHLÖSSER, Ernst Born on 16 January 1884 in Sörgenloch near Mainz / Germany. Member of the Judenrat in Piaski. Deported to Sobibor in November 1942.

SCHMIDT, ? Over 40 years old Head Kapo. Succeeded "Berliner". Prevented from entering the carpenters workshop when Gaulstich was killed (during the revolt).

SCHRIJVER, Salomon He and his wife were caught by the Germans in the Netherlands and deported to Westerbork concentration camp. From there they were deported to Sobibor. They perished on 9 July 1943. Source: USHMM

SCHULZ, Anna and Emil Anna Schulz was born on 16 August 1890 in Bingen, Germany. Emil Schulz was born on 9 February 1879 in Mannheim, Germany. Both moved to the Netherlands and were deported from Westerbork to Sobibor on 4 May 1943. They were killed on 7 May 1943. Source: Helen Murphy (grand-daughter) and A. Lebowitz, Communications Director of the Jewish Labor Committee www.jewishlabor.org 25 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010

SCHWARZ, Levi Born on 30 March 1859 in Raesfeld (Germany). Before the war he emigrated to Holland. Deported together with his wife Mathilde from Westerbork camp to Sobibor on 28 May 1943. Source: JewishGen

SCHWARZ nee Rosenbaum, Mathilde Born on 9 April 1869 in Germany. Before the war she emigrated to Holland with her husband Levi. Together with him she was deported from Westerbork camp to Sobibor on 28 May 1943. Source: JewishGen

SCHWARZ, Walter Electrician in the camp.

SELIGMANN, Jacob Moritz Born on 25 July 1884 in Hamburg. Flatagent. Deported in March 1943 from the Netherlands. In March 1943 to Sobibor where he died on 21 May 1943. Source: Astrid Louven, Hamburg, and In Memoriam Book NIOD, Amsterdam

SENDER, ? From Lodz.

SHPITZ, ? 40 years old Kapo. From the Netherlands.

SHUBAYEV, Aleksander Soviet Jewish POW from Minsk. Friend of Sasha Pechersky. Warned him of fellow Soviet POW Grisha's planned escape on 9 October 1943. This attack was foiled, in order not to foil the planned mass escape. Shubayev was better known as "Kalimali", and he hailed from Baku. He was one of the chief planners of the revolt. He killed the deputy camp commander Niemann in the tailors shop by an axe blow to the head. He survived the revolt but was killed by Germans whilst fighting in the Voroshilov partisan unit.

SMEER, Jacob Born on 17 December 1904 in Amsterdam. Son of Azor Smeer and Dirkje, neé Oosterhof. Via a prison in Scheveningen and Westerbork camp he was deported to Sobibor, where he perished on 28 May 1943. Source: Yad Vashem

SOBELMAN, Cvi Survived the Holocaust.

SOBOL, Bajla A girl from Dubienka. Deported to Sobibor together with Eda Lichtman in June 1942. From the whole transport (Jews from Hrubieszow, Dubienka, Uchanie and Belz) only three women were selected: Bejla Sobol, Eda Lichtman and Serka Katz. She worked together with Eda Lichtman in the laundry. It is not known if she survived the uprising in Sobibór. Source: Eda Lichtman memoirs - Yad Vashem Archives, 03/1291

STARK, Shaul In charge of geese. Shot by the SS.

STODEL, Abraham Born in Amsterdam on 2 July 1920. Deported from Westerbork on 1 June 1943 to Sobibor, together with his wife Hella and 3,002 other Jews. He perished in the labour camp Dorohucza on 30 November 1943. The photo shows Abraham and his wife Hella (nee Borzykowski) on their wedding on 18 December 1941. Source: J. Schelvis: Binnen de poorten, De Bataafsche Leeuw Amsterdam 2003 Source and Photo: GFH

STODEL nee Borzykowski, Hella (Chaja) Born in Amsterdam on 6 August 1921. The wife of Abraham Stodel. Deported from Westerbork to Sobibor on 1 June 1943. During the selection on Sobibor's ramp she was sent to the gas chambers, together with her parents, her brother and her sister. The photo shows Hella on her wedding on 18 December 1941. Source: J. Schelvis: Binnen de poorten, De Bataafsche Leeuw Amsterdam 2003 Photo: GFH

STURM, Moshe 22 years old. Was the Head Kapo until summer of 1943.

SÜSS, Pinkas Born on 25 March 1870. Deported on 27 April 1942 from Vienna to Wlodawa and from there to Sobibor.

SZKLAREK, Moshe Survived the Holocaust.

SZMAJZNER, Josel Father of Stanislaw Szmajzner, deeply religious, who owned stores. Wholesaler of fruit, chiefly strawberries to Germany. He lived in Pulawy, then within the ghetto at Opole. Deported from Opole on 11 May 1942 to Naleczow, on foot. From there he was brought to Sobibor where he arrived on 12 May 1942. He was murdered together with other members of his family.

SZMAJZNER, Mosze Brother of Stanislaw Szmajzner, deported with him from Opole Lubelskie on 12 May 1942. He was selected together with Stanislaw Szmajzner, Noach Szmajzner and Jankiel Rotter. They worked in the camp as jewellers. His fate is not known. Source: Eda Lichtman memoirs - Yad Vashem Archives, 03/1291

SZMAJZNER, Noach Cousin of Stanislaw Szmajzner. Deported to Sobibor from Opole Lubelskie on 12 May 1942. He worked in the camp as jeweller. His fate is not known. Source: Eda Lichtman memoirs - Yad Vashem Archives, 03/1291

SZMAJZNER, Posel Mother of Stanislaw Szmajzner, deeply religious, who divided her time between the household and helping Josel in the family business. She lived in Pulawy, then within the ghetto at Opole. Deported from Opole on 11 May 1942 to Naleczow, on foot. From there she was brought to Sobibor where she arrived on 12 May 1942. She was murdered together with other members of her family.

SZMAJZNER, Ryrka Older sister of Stanislaw Szmajzner. She married Josef who worked in the family business. She lived in Pulawy, then within the ghetto at Opole. Deported from Opole on 11 May 1942 to Naleczow, on foot. From there she was brought to Sobibor where she arrived on 12 May 1942. She was murdered together with other members of her family.

SZMAJZNER, Stanislaw (Shlomo) Goldsmith / tinsmith. Survived and wrote a book. Born on 13 March 1927 in Pulawy, died 3 March 1989 in Goiania, Brazil. Came to Sobibor on 12 May 1942 with 2,000 people from Opole. Part of the gold he used to make ornaments for the SS, came from victims’ teeth. Eventually he became a maintenance worker which gave him access to all parts of the camp, except camp 3. He was in the uprising committee. Emigrated to Brazil in 1947, where he wrote the book “Inferno em Sobibor. A tragédia de um adolescente judeu”, Rio de Janeiro 1968, in Portuguese. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998.

SZPIRO, Mira She was deported to Sobibor from Siedliszcze. Eda Lichtman wrote about her that she was a beautiful young woman. She was killed during the uprising. Source: Eda Lichtman memoirs - Yad Vashem Archives, 03/1291

SZYMIEL, Leon Survived the Holocaust.

SZTARK, Szoel A good friend of Leon Feldhendler. He was born in Zolkiewka like Feldhendler and was deported to Sobibor together with him. In the camp he was responsible for the geese. He was killed because one goose was sick. When Wagner, Bredow and Weiss brought him to Camp III he shouted to Feldhendler in Yiddish: "Leibl, gedenk nem nekume! (Leibl, remember to revenge me!). Source: Eda Lichtman memoirs - Yad Vashem Archives, 03/1291

TABORINSKIJ, Boris Member of the battle team which was in charge of cutting the barbed wire fence near the camp commander's house. He survived the revolt and joined the partisans. Born 1917 in Minsk. Came to Sobibor together with Petchersky and the Soviet POWs. Worked as a carpenter. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998

TEITELBAUM, Israel Born in 1925 in Leipzig (Germany). In 1938 he emigrated to Holland where he became Zionist activist. On 30 April 1943 he was deported from Holland to Sobibor. Source: GFH

TERNER, Ester (= Ester Raab). Survived the Holocaust. Source: E.A. Cohen, De negentien treinen naar Sobibor, Elsevier ed., Amsterdam 1979)

THEMANS nee Simons, Judikje Born on 20 August 1904. Dutch gold medalist of the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam. Together with her daughter Sonja and son Leon she was killed in Sobibor on 20 March 1943. Source: USHMM and In Memoriam Book NIOD, Amsterdam

THOMAS, Kurt Deported from Terezin (Theresienstadt) to Piaski transit ghetto and from there in November 1942 to Sobibor. Survived the Holocaust. Wrote a report after the war. Born on 11 April 1914 in Brno. The report he wrote for the Dutch Red Cross after the war was dedicated to his Dutch friend Minny Cats, a woman he had known in the death camp. He had the trial started against Gomerski and Klier and emigrated to the USA in 1948. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998

TREGER, Chaim Born in Chelm. Deported to Sobibor on 22 May 1942. He worked at building the bakery. After the revolt he hid in the forest and eventually joined a partisan group. He survived the Holocaust, married a survivor from Auschwitz, and moved to Israel. He died in 1969. Schelvis mentions him by the name of Trager. Born on 5 March 1906, died 1 August 1969 in Tel Aviv. As a brick layer, he says he took part on the building of a chimney in camp 3 and could see everything that happened there. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998

TROOSTWIJK, Ansje Born on 29 September 1917 in Amsterdam. Deported to Sobibor from Westerbork on 13 March 1943. She was selected on the Sobibor ramp. Sent to Trawniki work camp where she died. Source: J. Schelvis: Vernichtungslager Sobibór. Metropol-Berlin 1998

TROOSTWIJK, Menno Born on 13 April 1909. Husband of Ansje, deported to Sobibor from Westerbork on 10 March 1943. He was murdered in Sobibor three days later. Source: J. Schelvis: Vernichtungslager Sobibor. Metropol-Berlin 1998

TSIBULSKY, Boris Soviet Jewish POW, a friend of Sasha Pechersky. A miner from Donbas who started digging the tunnel which was abandoned later. He killed SS-Unterscharführer Josef Wolf in the warehouse in Camp II, and other SS men. Killed after the revolt by Germans whilst fighting in the Voroshilov partisan unit. See also under Cybulski. It's perhaps the same person.

TUCHMAN, Zygmund 17 years old Kapo. Transferred from Lager II to Lager III.

VALK, Leni (Magdalena) Born on 28 September 1933 in Goch (Germany). Daughter of Walter and Erna Valk. Probably sent by her parents to Leeuwarden (Holland). Deported to Sobibor on 18 May 1943, where she perished three days later. Source: Yad Vashem, R. Kuwalek, and In Memoriam Book NIOD, Amsterdam

VAN DE KAR nee Wurms, Betje Born on 23 February 1883 in Amsterdam. Wife of Jacob van de Kar. Daughter of Barend Wurms and Sara Lap. She perished in Sobibor on 28 May 1943. Source: Earnest Cotton, USA, and In Memoriam Book NIOD, Amsterdam

VAN DE KAR, Heintje Clara Born on 15 September 1915 in Amsterdam. Sister of Selena van de Kar. She perished in Sobibor on 28 May 1943. Source: Earnest Cotton, USA

VAN DE KAR, Jacob Born on 11 August 1880 in Amsterdam. Husband of Betje van de Kar, nee Wurms. Son of Jacob van de Kar and Ester Cohen-Rodrigues. He perished in Sobibor on 28 May 1943. Source: Earnest Cotton, USA, and In Memoriam Book NIOD, Amsterdam

LEEDA - VAN DE KAR, Celina Born in 1904 in Amsterdam. Sister of Heintje Clara. She perished in Sobibor on 20 March 1943. Source: Earnest Cotton, USA, and In Memoriam Book NIOD, Amsterdam

VAN STEIDEN, Lie Assistant to Max van Dam.

WAHRHAFTIG, Adi Born on 3 February 1928 in Berlin. Son of Isack Wahrhaftig and Beila (nee Schiff). Deported from Westerbork (Holland) to Sobibor where he perished on 23 July 1943. Source: Yad Vashem

WAJCEN / VAITSEN, Alexy / Alexi One of the leaders of the revolt. In charge of the attack on the armoury. Survived the Holocaust. Born on 30 May 1922 in Grigoriv. Came to Sobibor in June 1942 on a transport from Ternopol. Worked in the sorting barracks. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998

WAJSPAPIR / VAJSPAPIR, Arkadij Jewish Soviet POW, a friend of Sasha Pechersky. He killed SS-Oberscharführer Graetschus with an axe in the shoemakers barrack during the revolt. He survived the Holocaust. Arkadij Mosheyewicz Wajspapir was born in 1921. He joined the Red Army but got injured on 15 September 1941. He was hospitalized in the Kiev region where his Jewish identity was unveiled. After his recovery he was I,prisoned in a KZ in Minsk. Came to Sobibor on 22 September 1943, together with the Soviet POWs from Minsk. During the uprising he also killed Klatt, together with Yehuda Lerner. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998. Photo: http://www.vaadua.org/Hadasot/Had120/03.htm

WAKS, Berl Survived the Holocaust.

WAKS, Yczy Moshe Shot by Frenzel.

WANG, Abram Escaped from the Waldkommando on 20 July 1943. Born on 2 January 1921 in Izbica, died in 1978 in Rehovot, Israel. Schelvis states his escape from the Waldkommando was on 27 July, when 5 forced labourers escaped. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998

WAWERIK, Kalman Survived the Holocaust.

WEIJL, Paul Born on 6 February 1900 in Gronau (Germany). Before the war he emigrated to Holland. He was deported from Westerbork camp to Sobibor on 7 May 1943. Source: JewishGen

WEISS nee Felenbaum, Hela Deported from Lublin to the camp in Staw, then in carts via Wlodawa to Sobibor. In Sobibor she was selected to knit socks for the SS, and iron the shirts of the SS men. She survived the revolt and joined the partisans, winning a Red Star medal for courage. Born on 25 November 1924 in Lublin, died in December 1988 in Gedera, Israel. Came to Sobibor from Siedliszcze on a horse car on 20 December 1942. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998

WEISSBERG, Leon Father-in-law of Eda Lichtman. Doctor in Wieliczka, deported from there together with his wife Susel, in early 1943. He arrived in Sobibor wearing his doctor's clothes. Eda saw him the last time on his way to Camp III.

WEISSBERG, Susel Mother-in-law of Eda Lichtman. She was deported from Wieliczka near Krakow to Sobibor in early 1943. Eda saw her being led to Camp III directly from the ramp.

WEITZEN, Samuel From Chodorow, according to witness Blatt.

WEWERIK, Kalmen Born 25 June 1906 in Chelm. Came to Sobibor in the autumn of 1942 and worked as a carpenter. He wrote a book about what he lived through in Sobibor. He emigrated via France to Canada. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998

WIJNBERG, Selma Born in Zwolle (Netherlands) in 1922. Deported from Westerbork in April 1943. She arrived at Sobibor on 9 April 1943. She worked in Camp II, sorting clothes. During the revolt she could escape, together with Katty Gokkes and Ilana Safran. She survived the Holocaust and married Chaim Engel.

WINS, Jozef (Joop) Deported from Westerbork to Sobibor on 14 May 1943. He was selected on the ramp and sent to the labour camp Dorohucza near Lublin. In his memoirs he mentioned that after the arrival in Sobibor he could not realize that it is a death camp because it looked so friendly and nice. He did not know what happened to the people who were deported together with him. He survived the war. Source: J. Schelvis: Vernichtungslager Sobibór. Metropol-Berlin 1998. J. Schelvis: Binnen de poorten, De Bataafsche Leeuw Amsterdam, 7th ed. 2003

ZISS, Berl Survived the Holocaust.

ZISS, Meir Survived the Holocaust. Born 15 November 1927 in Lublin. Came to Sobibor in May or June 1942, where he worked in the sorting barracks and as a women’s hair cutter. Later had to burn documents, brought in by victims. Lived in Venezuela between 1956 and 1961, then emigrated to Israel. Source: Jules Schelvis - “Vernichtungslager Sobibor”, Metropol Verlag Berlin, 1998

ZUKERMAN, Hershel Survived the Holocaust.

ZUKERMAN, Joseph Son of Hershel Zukerman. Survived the Holocaust.

Credits

Arad, Yitzhak. "Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: Operation Reinhard Death Camps"
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.

Blatt, Toivi. "The Forgotten Revolt"

Ghetto Fighters House (GFH)
www.gfh.org.

JewishGen
www.jewishgen.org

Kleinert and Prinz. "Namen und Schicksale der Juden Kassels. Ein Gedenkbuch"
Kassel, 1986

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM)
http://www.ushmm.org

© ARC (http://www.deathcamps.org) 2006